In 2017, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) recognized a new modality of dialysis therapy, nursing home hemodialysis, which recognized a nursing home as a resident’s “home,” thereby permitting the development of this service on-site. CMS finalized and released the guidance in August 2018. The new guidance confirmed CMS’ recognition of dialysis in a nursing home setting (section 2271A, “Dialysis in Nursing Homes”), and states that Medicare-approved end-stage renal disease (ESRD) facilities can provide dialysis services to skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents in the nursing home with an approved HHD training and support modality.

The new models of service delivery created by the CMS guidance and regulations permit the treatments to be performed within the nursing facility either at the resident’s bedside or in a dedicated space within the nursing home, also known as a “den model.” Prior to the release of the new guidance and regulations, hemodialysis treatments in most states required that hemodialysis patients admitted to or residing in nursing homes be transported to traditional community- or facility-based dialysis units at least three times weekly. For many facilities, particularly those with frail residents with multiple comorbidities, or in cold-weather states, the difficulties are manifold, including the time, cost, personnel requirements, and other risks associated with transport to a facility. In many cases, absent an accessible outpatient provider, potential residents remain in an acute care setting to receive the required treatment. Numerous benefits associated with nursing facility-based dialysis include, but are not limited to, less disruption and cost versus off-site transport; safer treatment for vent-dependent and fragile residents; and less taxing—although in some settings, more frequent—weekly treatment using dialysis equipment approved for home use.